Foreshortening

In foreshortening, the dimensions of the closer extremities are adjusted in order to make up for the distortion created by the point of view. Therefore, foreshortening is art of humans, where when laying down, certain body parts look larger than the rest of the body making the proportions off. In this piece by Andrea Mantegna, the man's body parts are proportionate for the piece, but looking close, the feet are a bit small in order to make sure the feet do not appear huge compared to the rest of the body.The feet are closest making them appear large if proportioned correctly, but with foreshortening, the feet are made smaller to create the illusion it is proportionate, while it is not.

Axonometric Projection

Axonometric projection is a means of projecting space. It is commonly used by architects and engineers. In axonometric projection, all lines remain parallel and do not recede to a vanishing point. In this drawing, it shows a sketch of a home or building that shows depth and space. It does not have one point linear perspective where lines go to many points but come back to one receding point, it has lines that run parallel and do not recede.

One Point Linear Perspective

In one-point linear perspective, lines are drawn on the picture plane in such a way as to represent parallel lines receding to a single point on the viewers' horizon. One point linear perspective is the eye level of a person that even though they see different points, they all go back to one point which is close to eye level. In this painting by Leonardo Da Vinci, the eye sees many points throughout that go up to the arch, the moldings, the details of the ceiling, but they points can always go back to the center two men. Mainly the one on the right, whose face is forward, he is a focal point to go back to.

Visual Overlapping

Overlapping creates the illusion of deep space or one object is in front of the other. In this piece by Steve DiBenedetto, the helicopter appears closer than the building, when in reality, it could be next to one another or the building could be closer than the helicopter. And also, there is an object pulling back on the helicopter, showing overlapping.

Implied Lines

Implied lines is a function of line of sight, the direction the figures in a given composition are looking. It can also serve to create a sense of directional movement and force. In this painting by Titian, called Abraham and Isaac, the imiplied lines are there if one knows where to look. The top is of a boy or angel as one might say, looking down on a man, with a child at the bottom looking toward the viewer. The implied lines would be placed between each person in this painting.

Contour Lines

Henri Gaudier-Brzeka's art shows contour lines. Contour lines is a form of art that can show three-dimensional form. Gaudier-Brzeska did many pieces that are great examples of contour lines. This piece called Alright, Have It Your Way-You Heard A Seal Bark, is a great example of contour lines. It is simple lines that make the art look three dimensional.